TY  - SER
AU  - Khalifa,S.M.
AU  - El-Nemr, M. K.
AU  - Sharaby, N. N.
TI  - Manufacturing control valve and flowmeter to measure flow rate and development of surface irrigation using surge irrigation in clayey soil
KW  - Furrow irrigation
KW  - surface irrigation
KW  - Clay soils
KW  - Flow meters
N1  - Year book of Misr Society of Agricultural Engineering : The 20 th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Agricultural Engineering "Agricultural Engineering and Country Challenges"; Includes references
N2  - The experiment was conducted to develop and evaluate surge irrigation under different slopes and discharges against continuous irrigation under traditional levelling in terms of irrigation and water use efficiencies to produce wheat crop in clay soil under short jield conditions. It was carried out at the experimental/arm, Faculty ofAgriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, during the winter season 201312014. The furrows with blocked ends were 50 m long and I. I m center -center spacing furrows and the wheat was planted on beds with 0.8 m width(7 rows ofwheat per bed with
0.10 m spacing between rows). The treatments for surge irrigation consisted offactorial combination of three slopes S]= 0.0%, S]= 0.1% and 53= 0.2%, three discharges Q]= 0.4 lis, Q2 = 0.55 lis and Q3 = 0.75 lis and two -cycle ratios ([] = II2 and T] = 213), in addition, treatments ofcontinuousflow forthesamedischargesundertraditionallevel/ing. To monitor the advance time, jive points were established along the furrows at 0, /2.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 m from the inlet. Soil moisture content was measured with gravimetric methods at 0 -O. /5, O. /5-0.30, 0.30 -0.45 and 0.45 -0.60 m depths at the beginning, middle and end ofthe furrows.
The discharge was measured using control valve and flowmeter which manufactured to measure and control the applied irrigation water to each treatment. Results indicated that surge irrigation under three different slopes 0.0, 0./ and 0.2% reduces amount of irrigation water applied, increases advance time, irrigation uniformity, water application efficiency, grain yields and water use efficiency compared with continuous flow irrigation under traditional levelling. The best treatment is the discharge 0/0.55 lis with /12 cycle ratio under three different slopes.It saved and decreased amount ofwater irrigation applied by 27, 33.4
and 37.4 % and increased the yield by 15.1, 17.7 and 12.7 % under slope
of 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 % respectively compared with continuous flow
irrigation under traditional levelling for the same discharge. It had the
maximum water use efficiency values of 1.39, 1.56 and 1.59 kg/m3 for
surgeflow irrigation under slopes of0.0, 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively
UR  - http://nile.enal.sci.eg/EALE/2012/MJAE//012/20/335.pdf
ER  -